Developing an English Language Curriculum Essay Example for Free

Developing an English Language Curriculum EssayThe problem at hand involves developing a programme for English lecture that is accommodate for all people, coming from all over the country even those with come out the basic know guidege of the expression. The problem entails finding out the root of developing such a plan, analyzing the content and coverage of such a course of instruction, testing the suitability of it to the users, outlining a sample plan and finding out the contingent outcome of such a curriculum. The problem will also discuss the likelihood of making compromises, possible compromises, the groups affected and how to counteract the effects of such compromises. theoretical Background and Analysis Curriculum development for languages has for a good length of time been base on developing language responsiveness, developing confidence and competence in the use of English language, essay to instil into the learners the cognitive capability, training learn ers to develop language imaginative and emotional skills via oral, reading and writing skills. In trying to develop any teaching curriculum, one can focus on the above as guideline. Traditionally, the curriculum activities have been determined by use of a particular set of goals needed to be achieved.Hence one would sit down and crumple the particular things he wanted to achieve then go ahead and develop a systematic way to end up with the desired results. Failure to achieve these results would be followed by corrective measures to the curriculum. However, further developments to this has led to another way of developing a curriculum based on the path or route used to achieving desired results other than the one based on developing a curriculum on goal basis. A curriculum can be developed on the basis of tasks (Nunan, 1998).One tone-beginning focuses on analyzing the psycholinguistics involved in the acquisition of a second language and activation of such in a classroom. The other approach basically focuses on the purpose the learners need the language for. Nunan and Lockwood (1991) have come up with a model to implement the latter approach. This involves allowing learners develop the skills of the language, offer a chance to analyze and listen on how sample tasks are solve, giving a grammatically instructed guidance for performance of various tasks, and stimulating them to develop skills that are emerging in them via rehearsal.We must however put into consideration the problem at hand that the students will be expected to learn a second language, in this causal agency English. Much as they will try to be given the above guidelines we can also be guided by a model suited for them. Two models can be focused as a basis for this (a) The rehearsal rationale path which focuses on what they will be intending to do with the language they are learning. (b) Psycholinguistic model which answers the question on the required mechanisms to acquire a second language.I d o therefore propose that such a curriculum would entail courses that will make the learners be assimilated into a culture of having a positive response to using the English language as pertaining conference on a daily basis, training them how to communicate, write, come back critically and solve problems using the language. Basically, since the language entails being able to read, write (which would demand knowledge on the grammar, use the language mechanics, penmanship and spelling), to listen and speak all these would be part and passel of the curriculum.Arising Effects and Addressing the Problem It is hard to develop a compromise curriculum for everyone. While some would view such changes as only a waste of time and derailing their time in school since they know the basics, the learners would find an fortune to assimilate what is necessary to give them an easier time in school. A compromise must however reduce the likelihood of going into what the newcomers can found out for t hemselves. Since they already have come to study various courses in the brass, it can be assumed as well that most of them will be assured of the challenges involved.Instead of say establishing a separate academic year to go through the curriculum, the curriculum can be made to fit into their program as they go through other courses of their study. One can therefore fit in two courses of studying English in their basic year of study. The first course, for example can contain courses for the students to learn communication, writing and reading skills, while in the subsequent term, the second course can entail courses challenging students to sentiment critically, analytical skills, interpretation skills, and using the language to formulate ideas.It must be considered that students will have to be exposed to acquiring a second language by presenting one which is a bit more complex that which they have and they will gain maximally. This was a belief in input hypothesis by Krashen (1 981, 1982) which has acted on for many researches. The next step would entail finding out what majority of the learners will be, their background languages and how the curriculum can be suited to prefer them.A research will need to be conducted to establish what the current situation is on the ground, necessity of having such a curriculum, its implications to the students already in the institution and how they think they can be helped. It would be of little need to establish a curriculum that only duplicates work and overloads the students. In deed, this can be solved by carrying out an extensive research on the need for it, even before it is designed. Once there is enough evidence that such a curriculum is of necessity, one can go ahead and design it. It would be better to incorporate the views of the intended beneficiaries to this project.The curriculum should be geared towards making sure that the students also benefit in usage of the language in other disciplines other than En glish itself. Therefore, a good connectivity between English language skills should be ensured by the curriculum being implemented. Implementation and Review Once the program has been implemented, there is need to keep on acquiring the feed back from the beneficiaries pertaining various courses, their benefits and what they think can be done to improve on the arising difficulties, analyzing the elements of the feed back and carrying out the corrective measures as pertaining course improvement.Conclusion In the above analysis, I have provided a basis model which can be used in developing an English language curriculum, and sort to solve problems related to its groundwork in any learning environment. The implementation and review section seeks to give an outline how one can put into action such a curriculum and review it. Remember that a good curriculum is the one that accomplishes its intended purpose satisfactorily. It does not mean that it is free from difficulties, but these must be dealt with. destinationNCCA (2008) Curriculum Online. Retrieved from, http//82. 195. 132. 34/index. asp?locID=399docID=-1, on September 10, 2008 Krashen, S. (1981). Second language acquisition and second language learning. Oxford Pergamon Press. Krashen, S. (1982). Principles and practice in second language acquisition. Oxford Pergamon Press. Nunan D. (1998). communicative Tasks and the Language Curriculum. Macquarie University Urbana-Champaign University of Illinois. Retrieved from http//www. iei. uiuc. edu/TESOLOnline/texts/nunan/index. html on September 10, 2008. Nunan, D. , Lockwood, J. (1991). The Australian English course Task based English for post-beginners. Cambridge Cambridge University Press.

Mia Hamm Research paper Essay Example for Free

Mia Hamm Research paper EssayAt the beginning of the story Alice starts off being pressured into marring a man she doesnt even love. Her sister tells her to go get married and live just happily ever after like her but her husband is cheating on her. I conceive of Alices call was when she kept spotting the white rabbit in the bushes and began to follow him in the middle of getting purposed to. Also after she fell down the jamming the rabbit was essay to explain to her who she is and how shes supposed to be the champion for wonderland. Stage 2 Refusal of Call Alice starts to refuse when she begins telling them that she is not the right Alice their facial expression for.I didnt think she would still be refusing even after they showed her the scroll of what happened. I kind of thought she was just saw no because she was algophobic of what was ahead of her if she took on the challenge of becoming the champion. Through forbidden the beginning and middle of the movie she Lyric Per ry 9/22/13 World Literature was trying to convince everyone that this was her dream and everything would be ok when she woke up. Stage 4 track the first Threshold I thought during the whole story I think she crossed more than one threshold.The first one was when she fell down the hole and entered wonderland because the trees by the two holes were both twisted and looked very similar. Her coming out of the hole to Wonderland to me was like the crossing in a new unknown land. Another threshold was when she made it up in her mind that she was the hero and started believe in wonderland and the impossible. Stage 5 Belly of the Whale The belly of the whale is when a character is fully enclosed in the new world or adventure. I think she entered the belly of the whale when she began to accept the fact that it wasnt a dream and wonderland is a real place. I think that Lyric Perry9/22/13 World Literature the only way she was going to get out and go back to the real world was to complete her pursuance and slay the jabberwocky. Stage 6 Road of Trials Alice had lots of trials during her journey such as when the dog/polar bear thing started to chase her and cut her arm. At the tea party when the red queens knight, soldiers, and bloodhound came looking for Alice I felt it was a trial because if they were to have caught her she wouldnt have been adequate to(p) to complete her goal. The road of trials is a very important stage because I think they help the character get ready for what they are about to go in on.Stage 11 The Ultimate Boon The ultimate boon to me was when she cut the head off of the jabberwocky. This was unfeignedly important because the whole fate of wonderland was in her hands. I think the white queen was depending on her the most because she really wanted the crown and for the red queen to stop torturing Wonderland. Stage 15 Crossing the Return Threshold At the end of the story I saw two returning thresholds the first one when she climbed out of the hole and when she started standing up to everyone at the party back home. When she was climbing out of the hole she was crossing back over to the real world and her normal life.She started telling everyone the truth and saying what she really felt even things that sounded impossible. Stage 17 Freedom to Live I thought this happened for Alice at the very end of the movie because thats when she really decided to live her own life and do what she wanted. Such as she told the man she wasnt going to marry him she was going to find someone she loves. Alice starts public lecture to the man about his business and how he should move it china. Her falling down the hole to me was on purpose to get her to really follow her own satisfaction not everyone elses.

Development, Features and Treatment of Acne Vulgaris

Development, Features and Treatment of Acne VulgarisMillions of people worldwide suffer from acne vulgaris. Acne vulgaris is sort bulge out as inflammation of the contend and the appearance of blemishes. With a astronomical variety of acne finessements, it elicit be hard to know where to start. From home remedies to prescribed medications, it is common for individuals to read trouble with finding the right treatment. Acne vulgaris is treatable with a number of methods, and it is important to understand that the successful eradication of acne vulgaris is specific to the individuals grate.The development of acne is a disorder of the sebaceous glands. The development of acne begins at the cellar level where the hair follicle is blocked. The hair follicle is an opening in the skin which hair and sebum reach the skins surface. The hair follicle and the sebaceous gland is where acne begins to form. This process whitethorn go faulty for those who have acne and the dead skin cells and oil are not cleared out of the revolve around properly. (Mayo Clinic, 2015) The sebum and dead skin cells become detain in the follicle. This debris that is trapped in the follicle blocks the pore opening. The blockage is a called a comedo, a clogged hair follicle in the skin. The blockage invites Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes), a bacterium that names the inflammation of acne breakouts. The comedo creates an surroundings that lacks oxygen in the follicle. This environment is favored by P. acnes that will thrive and grow out of control in the follicle. The follicle will continue to fill up with sebum, dead skin cells, and bacteria and it will start to swell up. White blood cells go to fight the bacteria in your pores. Redness, swelling, and pus is created forming a pimple. at that place are doubled things that get under ones skin acne. First, there are oeractive sebaceous glands. The sebaceous glands are responsible for creating sebum and oil that are needed for the s kins surface. People who are prone to acne have sebaceous glands that create more sebum than what is needed. The overabundance oil in the hair follicle will create a blockage in the pore and becomes a comedo. (Web MD, 2015) This is what creates the environment that invites Propionibacterium acnes to grow. Second cause of acne is the abnormal shedding of the skin cells. The epidermis, the top stratum of your skin, is always shedding dead skin cells. This natural process of exfoliation is called desquamation. clamber cells travel through the epidermis until they reach the stratum corneum, the outermost layer of the epidermis, where they will fall out and become replaced by newer skin cells below. Desquamation goes wrong with those who have acne and cells are produced faster than normal and the skin cells wont shed and will get trapped in the follicle. The third cause is the proliferation of bacteria in your skin. The most common bacterium that is found in your skin is Propionibacte rium. This bacterium grows out of control in those with acne. P. acnes thrives in your pores that are blocked because of the lack of oxygen. P. acnes digest the oil that is trapped in the pores of your skin and produces a fatty acid waste. The waste will irritate your skin that causes the redness and inflammation. P. acnes is antibiotic resistant and cannot be washed away. However, there are treatments available that can help you treat and get rid of the bacteria in your skin. There are other factors that cause acne outside of your body. For example, hormones enlarge the pores and increase the rate of sebum turnout that can cause clogging.There are many different kinds of acne that you can get. These include whiteheads, blackheads, papules, pustules, nodules, and cysts. Whiteheads, in appearance, are exactly how they are sound. This type of acne has a white head on the surface of your skin. This is caused by sebum and dead skin cells that are blocking your hair follicles. Sebum toil and dead skin cell exfoliation is natural for your skin and is needed to keep your skin healthy. However, if this process goes wrong, consequently that is when you risk getting clogged pores because excess oil and dead skin cells will get trapped and accumulate. Blackheads are relatively similar to whiteheads and also look exactly how they sound. Blackheads are also classified as comedones and look like black dots on the surface of your skin. (Acne, 2015) However, whiteheads are closed in the pores of your skin and blackheads are open. This gives the blackheads appearance. Blackheads are formed when the blockage that is trapped inside the pore becomes oxidized. Papules are essentially a level higher than a whitehead that has been inflamed. A papule contains bacteria, sebum, and dead skin cells similar to the whitehead, but it does not contain pus. It is set apart from whiteheads by inflammation and redness. Pustules are similar to papules, but contain pus. Pustules are small r ound lesions appearing whitish on the center because of the pus. Nodes and cysts are similar to each other in terms of acne types. Nodules are severely inflamed and large lesions on the deep layers of the skin. Cysts are small and softer pus-filled lesions. These two types of acne can make it together, creating nodular cystic acne, or independently. These types of acne begin as papules and pustules and become nodes/cysts when they become irritated. This causes them to go deeper into the skin and produce pus.Many treatments and medications to treat acne vulgaris can be bought over the antagonisticpunch. Over-the-counter medications and treatments are also known as OTCs. These medications and treatments do not require a prescription issued by a doctor. Treatments that can be readily obtained are known to treat mild to moderate acne. universal over the counter treatments can take the form of lotions, gels, and washes. crude bases of over the counter acne vulgaris treatments incl ude benzoyl peroxide, salicylic acid, and alpha hydroxy acids. Alpha hydroxy acids include glycolic acid and lactic acid.Benzoyl peroxide is the most common over the counter acne medication. (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2015) Benzoyl peroxide is found in a variety of gels, lotions, and soaps. Benzoyl peroxide has drying qualities, which removes excess oil and dirt. Benzoyl peroxide also is in force(p) at eradicating bacteria, which often lead to the validation of acne vulgaris. Due to its drying and cleansing properties, benzoyl peroxide also unclogs pores. Side effects of benzoyl peroxide may include rare allergic reactions, redness, dryness, and scaling of the skin.Salicylic acid is another over the counter acne medication that is used often. Salicylic acid is only available in concentrations of 0.5 to 5 percent. Salicylic acid is used primarily as a topical gel or cream that is applied to effected areas several times a day. Salicylic acid works by preventing the clogging of pores. Side effects that may occur with the use of salicylic acid include redness, dryness, and irritation. The most popular alpha hydroxy acids include glycolic acid and lactic acid. Although there are other hydroxyl acids, those acids havent proven to be as useful. Alpha hydroxy acids are synthetic acids that would normally be derived from milk and fruit sugars. Hydroxy acids work by removing the dead layer of skin cells on the top of the epidermis. Hydroxy acids do not remove the epidermis, but they do remove the first layer. Hydroxy acids also stimulate the production of new skin, which then leads to smoother, calmer acne. The two side effects of hydroxyl acids are sun sensitivity and irritation.Sulfur, another base of over the counter treatments, is especially effective at eradicating P. acnes bacterium. The P. acnes bacterium is known to have started developing antibacterial resistance. Sulfur is often combined with other acne-eradicating ingredients. Sulfur is known to dry the skin and cause it to peel off this is helpful in terms of removing excess odor and preventing the clogging of pores.When over the counter methods of treatment do not work well, it is recommended to then visit a dermatologist. Dermatologists will properly access acne and prescribe a treatment. The three main fields of prescription treatments include topical methods, oral methods, and treatment-based methods. There is a very large variety of prescription treatments available. Although these treatments cannot be readily obtained, they are proven to be more potent and concentrated than over the counter methods.The most common topical treatments for prescription medications are retinoids, antibiotics, and dapzone. Retinoids come in the form of creams and gels. Retinoids work by preventing the plugging of hair follicles. Retinoids are derived from vitamin A and they come in many different types. Although they all serve the same purpose, retinoids include tazarotene, adapalene, and tretinoin. Anti biotics are used as topical ointments and creams to kill the bacteria inside of acne. Dapsone is also an effective topical treatment because in addition to an antibiotic, dapsone effectively works to kill bacteria and reduce inflammation.Other prescribed treatment methods are oral drugs. verbal drugs include oral antibiotics, oral contraceptives, anti-androgen agents, and isotretinoin. Oral antibiotics have a direct effect on acne by reducing inflammation and killing bacteria on the skins surface. (Mayo Clinic, 2015) Some individuals cannot be treated with antibiotics because they may have built up a tolerance to antibiotics. Doctors may also be concerned with prescribing antibiotics to treat acne because the antibiotics may be used for months, or even years. The usage of antibiotics for a prolonged period of time is likely to develop antibiotic resistance in that individual. Common antibiotics prescribed for acne include doxycycline, limecycline, minocycline, erythromycin, trimeth roprim, and cortimoxazalone. Oral contraceptives are also used in women to help reduce acne. Oral contraceptives include hormones, such as estrogen and progesterone, which balances out the amount of androgen produced in the body. Anti-androgen oral pills may also be prescribed to limit the amount of androgen produced in the body. Isotretinoin is often the last hangout for acne treatments because it is a pill that may cause major side effects. Although isotretinoin is very effective, it does require close monitoring by the doctor. Isotretinoin is only prescribed when all other treatment methods have failed. Women that are prescribed this treatment are required to first take part in a Food and Drug system monitoring program.Many other treatments prescribed by the doctor are therapies. Therapies include light therapy, which targets bacteria in the skin that cause inflammation. Chemical peels may also be conducted in a doctors office. Chemical peels are acids applied to the skin that help with the eradication of bacteria on skin. Steroids can also be injected in to nodular and cystic acne to improve appearance. With the injection of steroids, extraction of the cysts and nodules is not necessary.While treating acne, an emerging problem is antibiotic resistance in acnes. The Propoinibacterium found in P. acnes, is a slow growing, thick-walled bacteria that exhibits antibiotic resistance. To treat these types of acnes, doctors must turn to other methods of treatment besides antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance in P. acnes raises concern because it is quite possible that other bacterium may begin to show similar properties. P. Acnes bacterial resistance is common in people treated with antibiotics for acne, and the resistance can spread to their family members and neighbors. (Ngan, 2014)As described above, many methods for acne suppression are available. Although many methods are available, it is important to note that not all treatments are equal in terms of effecti veness and that treatment is individualistic. When choosing an acne treatment method, it is important to know which kind of acne needs to be treated, and how severe it is. Mild to moderate cases of acne vulgaris are commonly successfully treated with over the counter treatments, and severe acne vulgaris is often treated with the help of a medical professional. According to dermatologists, all acne vulgaris is believed to be treatable after proper appraisal and examination of the affected individual.BibliographyM. (2015, January 20). Acne Causes. Retrieved January 19, 2017, from http//www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acne/basics/causes/con-20020580M. (2015, January 20). Acne Treatments and drugs. Retrieved January 19, 2017, from http//www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acne/basics/treatment/con-20020580M. (2015, July 09). Over-the-counter acne products What works and why. Retrieved January 18, 2017, from http//www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acne/in-depth/acne-produc ts/art-20045814Which birth control pills can help reduce acne? (2013, January 30). Retrieved January 19, 2017, from https//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0072393/Writer, S. (2017, January 11). Different cases of Acne Learn What Acne Type you Have. Retrieved January 19, 2017, from http//www.acne.com/types-of-acne/acne-signs/

The Effects Of Social Isolation Nursing Essay

The Effects Of Social Isolation Nursing EssayA 60 long time elder female XYZ affected role was admitted in hospital with organic brain syndrome both years ago. She is still hospitalized. My first funda cordial interaction with patient was when I entered her room, she told me to get bulge. In encourage interaction as I tried to talk to her, she listened to me only for two minutes besides didnt answer me and instructed her bring off- get rid ofr to tell me to leave the room.My further attempts at interaction with the patient would result in conversations not make iting 2-4 minutes and then she would remove herself to a place where no one would bother her. Most of the time, she unbroken herself in her room and be perform aggressive when someone tried to take her outside. She couldnt concentrate on one thing more than 2 minutes. Her major symptoms were diddle attention gallus, impaired recent memory and poor judgment.In three weeks rotation I have found she was reluctant to talk with others. She felt more comfortable when no one disturbed her. Initially she was actually strongly guarded but very gradually as I worked with her, things began to improve. I make small interventions to make her wellspring-disposedize, such as, every day I took her outside and asked her to greet the wellness care professionals etc. The end result of these little efforts was very positive. The health care professionals noticed a discernable change in her behavior. Now this patient greets others and responds more positively. The Doctor said she showed very positive improvements and recommended these interventions should be continued.The concept which came in my mind and very perceptibly I have found in my patient was brotherly closing off. check to Nicholas R, Nicholson Jr. (2009) Social closing off is suggested, state in which the individual lacks a sense of belonging accessiblely, lacks readment with others, has a minimal number of social contacts and they are defici ent in fulfilling and eccentric relationships(p.1346).Social isolation is a social condition that leaves signifi usher outt effects on psychological well-being and physical health, with the costs of these conditions particularly higher among old and mentally ill patients. concord to Havens et al. cited by Nicholas R Nicholson Jr. (2009) Psychological barriers such as decline in cognition, poor or altered mental health factor that lead to social isolation (p.1346). If I relate the concept with my patient she likes to live alone, ineffective to share her life experiences, lack of belongingness with others, unable to do her activity daily living and these all were because of her cognitive impairment and low concentrate level which leads her towards social isolation in her.Many factors which leads to social isolation. In Pakistan, gradually we are loosing our traditional values, social bonds like family and neighborhood. With changing socio-economic and cultural conditions, we witne ss the emergence of nuclear families living separately rather than the traditional extended families living together. Literature on social isolation is not available slightly our country but I have found the southerly Asian Article (New Delhi India). Indian culture is similar to ours and we quite a little easily relate their findings to our context. Age Well Foundation (2010) stated that Ever-changing socio-economic scenario of the country has resulted in emergence popularity of nuclear family they felt themselves completely degage and alone (p.21). According to Age Well Foundation (2010) In urban areas 39.1% older persons were reported unaffectionate socially as well as emotionally (p.09).In late age certain human faculties become enfeeblight-emitting diode. For instance cognitive impairment, physical frailty, limit ability for social interaction. If this is accompanied with social isolation, the witnesss of notion occurring are much increased. If the situation continues, the person is caught in a d witnessward spiral where social isolation and depression feed on each other, and the person becomes deprived of the ability to conduct social interaction. According to Draper cited by Heather L. Menne et al. (2009) left untreated depression and depressive symptoms intensified problems with cognitive processing (p.554).According to Amin A. Gadit M. (2010) Among the mental illnesses, depression 22.9%prevalence of depression among elderly (p.03). Chronic illnesses, the death of friends and loved ones and feelings of social isolation batch add up to social isolation in older adults. According to Ather M Taqui et al. The prevalence of depression in the elderly in our study was 19.5% (p.04). They withal mentioned the cause of depression was nuclear family and due to little social interaction with family, elderly suffer from depression.Stigmatization towards mental illness is very common, which make mentally ill patients socially isolated more. Zahid, J. e t al. (2006) stated The younger respondents felt that people with schizophrenia, depression and drug abuse are dangerous more likely to piece people with drug abuse problems for their drug use (p.57).Care-taker perceptions towards old age people and for mentally ill patients are also contributing factor towards social isolation. According to Baltes and Smith quoted by Graeme Hawthorne (2006) It is a stereotype of later life that in that location is a network of loneliness, social isolation and neglect (p.522). During my mental health clinical, I observed that care-takers think that if they fulfill the patients physical necessarily, give them medicine on time, this is more than sufficient. Their attitudes toward old age was as they are very old, there is no hope for them to cure from mental illness. The same thing was happened with my own patient. Her care-takers perceptions were now my patient is very old and you dont need to make any efforts because since two years I am with her but there are no positive improvements.Roys Adaption Model (Roy Andrews 1999) is one conceptual and theoretical trendl in nursing with which social isolation fits well. In this model she focused on four modes of alteration, physiologic-physical, Self-concept, Role function and Interdependence Mode. If human declines in one mode it has specialised affects on physical and mental health. According to Nicholas R, Nicholson Jr. (2008) Being socially isolated can be conceptualized as having ineffective self-concept or Interdependence mode responses the person has failed to adapt and this is manifested by being socially isolated (p.1349). Through this model a nurse can observe the behavior of the person is reconciling or maladaptive.Self-concept mode focused on psychological and spiritual sense of integrity and purpose of living in the universe. When someone looses sense of psychological well being, has no purpose of life, unconcerned with others, this makes a person socially isola ted. Cognitive impairment is the major cause which interferes in this mode and the person feels helpless to adapt this mode effectively and goes into social isolation. Interdependence mode necessitates with human relationships with others, their purpose, structures and how it grows individually and in a group. When a person fails to adapt this mode appropriately and shows less concern towards close relations, or a persons loved ones show less concern toward the person it makes the person socially isolated.Social isolation has strong confederacy with mental illness. Social isolation and cognitive impairment go side by side. According to Ellis and Hickie cited by Graeme Hawthorne (2006) In addition there are associations amidst social isolation and mental illness premature death (p.522).My patient was socially isolated due to impaired cognitive abilities, short attention span and impaired recent and immediate memory. Older people need more concentration and care as I relate the abo ve with my patient, she was 60 years old and struggling to remember recent events and concentrate on one point. When she failed to do these tasks which hinder her communication and daily activities, this made her more agitated and led to social isolation.In old age cognitive impairment decline daily activities, loss of interest in social interaction, face difficulties to express their own feelings and to understand others ideas. All these things also play a significant role in social isolation. According Van Oostrom cited by Graeme Hawthorne (2006) Related to difficulties with mild cognitive impairmentpartner loss and institutionalization (p.522).Research conducted on social isolation has identified many different factors that might contribute to social isolation in older adults, Physical environment factors such as place of residence, geographic distance from family or friends. According to Kaneda cited by Barratt J. (2007) In developing countries growing song of older isolation b ereft of the traditional environment of an extended family (p.02). In the light of literature, my patient was dependent on the care-taker in hospital although she fulfills her physical needs but I never observed her encourage the patient to mingle with others. In my view this was also one of the causes for her social isolation.Maintaining relationships and participating in social activities have been associated with improved memory and intelligence in the elderly. There are many strategies which as a nurse we can develop to take out a person from isolation. Studies found that educational and social activity, group interventions that target specific groups of people can alleviate social isolation among older people. patient assessment I have covered in the scenario. I had planned strategies at the individual, family, group and institutional level. But I just got a chance to implement on the individual and institutional level.Strategies for individual I worked on her short attention s pan and on social isolation. Initially I asked her to come out from the room, we would take a round in corridor. She refused but gradually she accepted. I made her friend of the other staff, explored her life fulfillments and adjudge it in earlier of other staff made her sit in the garden and in the television room, Every day I took her outside and further her greet the health care professionals.I involved her in occupational therapy although out of eight days occupational therapy sessions she only attended three sessions and only in the last session she sat for as long as ten minutes and talked with doctor and answered the questions appropriately. I asked her the old admitted patients names and she could recall most of their names. I encouraged her to sit and talk to them. I tried to involve her in a daily routine, like, to decide what she would like to wear next day and to ensure to clangour her teeth and wash her face herself. I think to involve the socially isolated patient in her daily routine is the best technique to take them out from their condition. I gave her the opportunity for decision making, such as I wanted to talk to her and where would she want to sit and for how long could we sit together. As a result, it made her talk and use her cognitive ability.I asked her about her interests. She told me, she liked to recite her religious verses and Nat I asked her to recite in the occupational therapy session. There everybody acknowledged her and she was encouraged to talk about herself. She said she had performed Hajj with her husband and now my husband is not alive. I tried to involve her in drawing but for this she strictly refused me, but asked me to write down the name of Allah. She promises to color it but later on she refused.On a group level, I tried to engage her in group activities but due to time constraint, I was not able to implement. I was planned to involve her in psycho education and in cognitive behavioral therapy, group discussion s with set agendas, exercises group to promote physical activity. It was also difficult for my patient to cope at that time, but I deliberate if I could stay longer with her or at least go every week on clinical rather than alternate weeks, I could achieve this task as well. We can involve them in occupational therapy sessions and make a play group where they can play small native games. According to Dana A Glie, et al. (2005) elderly non demented subjects found that participating in cognitively stimulating leisure activities (e.g. playing board games) protected against development of dementia (p.865).My patient was interested in reciting the Quran and if she recites in a group it make her socialize with others and women who are gathered there can share their interests as well. According to Andersson cited by Cattan M. (2005) (1) found that among small groups of older women who lived alone and who discussed health-related topics, significantly reduced loneliness and increased socia l contact, self-esteem and participation in organized activities was found. (p.05)Family can also follow the above individual level strategies which I had done with my, if person lives at home. They can give appropriate time to them, involve them in their discussion. As a nurse I could conduct doctrine on patient disease process and on social isolation with family and teach them how to deal with the isolated patients.At institutional level we can conduct the workshops, seminars, can make nurses group who entirely deal with isolated patient, provide more info on social isolation in different disease. Attendant nurse teaching should be conducted because they should also know the reasons consequences of social isolation. I have conducted the teaching on social isolation and on major symptoms of my patient disease which leads to social isolation with two attendant nurses (N/A). At community level we can make community support group for old people, plan activities which they can do eas ily.Initially when I start reading this topic my understanding about it, was very limited. I thought loneliness and isolation are the same topic but as I read more about it I have found loneliness is purely a persons own feeling and even though a person who involves in a group or sits in a group can go through the loneliness feelings. Whereas social isolation is with-drawl from surrounding, a person has no concern with others. Before transaction with this patient I felt that to approach this patient was very difficult because this patient was not only mentally ill but also isolated and would not let others interact with her. Gradually I started and noticed the difference.Social isolation in older people is very common and it leaves its great stir on mental health. It does not only impair the cognitive ability, it also declines the daily activities. As a nurse it is our responsibility to deal these patients with endurance, educate the family and care takers to overcome the physical and mental health problems. I also learnt that there is a great contribution of care-takers to make patient socially isolated and if we as a care-taker take a responsibility to give them psychological support and treat them according to their capacity they can also spend a form life or even we can prevent them from deteriorating.

Dominant Theories Of Neorealism And Neoliberal Institutionalism Politics Essay

Dominant Theories Of Neorealism And neoliberal Institutionalism Politics Essay1. mend neorealism and neoliberal institutionalism be now considered the dominant theories in supranational dealings, neorealism can be viewed as the more dominant of the two because it more accurately portrays state manner from a positivist standpoint. Unlike neoliberalism which can only adequately rationalise the sparing relations of nations, neorealism is capable to explain how states react to one another in terms of security personal business. Quite empirically, neorealism argues that states only act in its own interest vis a vis the material structural incentives of the worldwide schema (Griffiths, OCallaghan and Roach 282). How states stockpile is reflected upon how they are also positioned in a hierarchy within the international system. In the end, states will behave in a manner that allows them to improve, or at the very least, maintain their positions in the hierarchy. The more powerful states are likely to be more influential in deciding the fate of global affairs while the weaker states will have relatively less say on matters of international import. Therefore, among neorealists, how the international system is dissever is dependent on how the capabilities of states are distributed.The international system is essentially a system of anarchy. States pursue maximum utility in order to achieve their interests. From the neorealists point of view, states need the same things but are not equally capable of meeting their needs. For instance, states in the North the Statesn continent are relatively well-positioned economically than states in Africa. A consequence of the unalike capabilities between the states from both regions is that their cooperation is limited since partnerships will end up either in dependence or exploitation. On another note, the more affluent states adopt in cooperation and competition to maximize relative gains and power. This desire and the ability to maximize power on the part of states results in what is called balance of power. Neorealists believe that the unequal positions of states in the international system gives rise to a security dilemma where states struggle to balance power either by 1) building more powerful armies and change magnitude military spending, and 2) forging regional alliances or diplomatic ties with other states to check more powerful nations. Neorealists are able to characterize the distribution of power in the international system based on capabilities of nations unipolar (a singular power), bipolar (two great powers), and multipolar (more than two powers). The establishment of European Union, for instance, is an attempt to balance power and drive a multipolar world in a present unipolar system ruled by the United States of America.On the other hand, neoliberal institutionalism uses positivism to explain why states cooperate and why they do not cooperate with each other. Using game theory a s its method of analysis, neoliberal institutionalists explain that demeanour of states depends on their analysis of gains and losses. States are interested in cooperating only with states and institutions that can deliver mutual gains and profitable arrangements. Neoliberalism responds to the neorealist conception of the international system as anarchic. While it does not contest or deny this, neoliberalism purports that this is exaggeration. Neoliberals contend that states do not compete all the time and that cooperative behavior among states is possible if the international system is decentralized. Leaning on the classic liberal view of the state as a rational and self-interested actor, states, when allowed to compete fairly in a decentralized environment, are able to maximize their relative gains in power and resources.2. Neoliberalism and neorealism are considered modern interpretations of the classic positivist theories on international relations. While different in round co nceptions of state behavior, both theories are complementary and mutually enforcing. They more alike than different both theories are rooted in the explanation of international relations using the state as primary unit of analysis. They cannot be considered alternative theories to international relations, medepose, a modern version of the traditional positivist view of IR.In some ways, neorealism and neoliberalism contradict but they are essentially mutually reinforcing interpretations of international relations. Both recognize anarchy in IR but at different extents. The neorealist believes that the global system is anarchic by nature and that the main preoccupation of states is how to ensure their survival. Thus, whatever alliances and cooperation is forged among nations is hinged upon the need to survive. Other states, like North Korea, rely on their own processes of survival, even violating international law to ensure that it is not crushed by the more powerful states. Its concep t of balance of power requires it to die its own nuclear problem to deter threat. If states do not recognize anarchy, they will be weakened. From a neorealist perspective, international cooperation is illusory, if not outright impossible to achieve.Neoliberal institutionalism recognizes that there is anarchy but there are creative ways to go about it, such as the building of regimes or institutions to mitigate anarchy. Neoliberals nurture the existence of international institutions such as the World Trade Organization, the United Nations, and other international regimes that ensure mutually beneficial relations among nations. The WTO for instance, sets norms and rules for global trade. The UN acts as an arbiter of international conflict.3. Marxism remains of the most relevant theories that provide alternative explanations to international relations. First of all, departing from the traditional realist and liberal view of the state as the primeval unit of analysis, Marxism treats class as the unit of analysis. Marxism argues that the international system was established to protect the property interests of the upper classes and the most affluent states. Hence, the struggle in the international system is essentially a class struggle between rich and powerful nations and the exploited nations. Variants of Marxist theory of international relations include the world-systems theory, dependance theory, and neo-Marxism.Marxism divides the world not into political entities but economic classes. Using its analysis of the base and superstructure, Marxism contends that economics supersedes politics in the global order. supranational relations was developed by the capitalist class to ensure capital accumulation of wealthy corporations and affluent states. The world-systems theory developed by Wallersten argues that the world can be divided into economic classes 1) First World represents the most affluent or the core, and 2) Third World represents the poorest and unde rdeveloped or the periphery. According to the world-systems theory, only the core countries are able to benefit from international relations because they own the means of production while the periphery countries are exploited. The dependency theory which grew popular in Latin America propose that the poor countries (classes) are transformed into mere source of cheap labor and raw materials, hence, keeping them utterly dependent on affluent nations. International institutions such as the WTO are said to perpetuate this inequality.To resist this unequal relations, Marxists argue for protectionism and economic control policies that will liberate them from the control of the global economic regime, including import substitution to replace export-based economic models.Work CitedGriffiths, Martin, OCallaghan, Terry, and Steven Roach. International relations the key concepts. 2nd ed. New York Routledge, 2002.

ICT in the Community :: ICT Essays

ICT in the Community I live in the community of virginal membrane in the south-east of England. ICT is used everyday and without it the community would start to break vanquish and the way of life would run much slower. Cyber cafes The cyber caf in Maidenhead is perfective aspect for tourists that take digital photos and want to send them to family and friends, also if a tourist wants to contact family and friends it is probably cheaper to email them from a cyber caf that having to use the phone to call other country although using the phone is quicker than email. Also people from within the community can use cyber cafs to do just about any subject they would take away to on a computer. They can read emails, send emails, browse the web and create documents. Some cyber cafs also offer scanners, printers and photocopiers although the cyber caf in Maidenhead wholly offers a black and white printer. The down side with using a cyber caf is the price to u se the facilities in Maidenhead it costs 5.00 per hour. Websites and Forums The Maidenhead Rugby bludgeon has there own website which keeps fans up to date with the team and how things are going, this also gives contact details to get hold of people such as the charabanc and coach, so now they dont have to put adverts or news in the maidenhead advertiser which not only costs but it only gets stretch out weekly so information could be old or irrelevant. The website also offers a forum for fans to talk to each other about the team. The good thing about this website is that it is kept up to date by people that work along side the team so the information posted onto the site is true. The down side with the forum is that forums can go down and sometimes there can be problems with logins. The website could have the choice to have a live bawl out but with this messages are not save where as with a forum

Essay About Odysseus, Adonis, And Thor :: essays research papers

Essay About Odysseus, Adonis, and ThorSection I "Odysseus Is The Most Cunning Man in the World"Odysseus, son of Procris and Cephalus of the over-embellished House of Athens, played amajor role in the Trojan War. However, the legends of Odysseus do not beginuntil after the great war. At the end of the war he was separated from the eternal sleepof the Greek armies and was coerce to wander for ten years until he was reunitedwith his family. His journeys in those ten years were very similar to Jasonsjourney in his search for the well-situated Fleece. Also, in the course of Odysseusadventures, he proved himself to be not only a great hero but also a cunning and capable man, worthy of the title the most cunning man in the world.There are many similarities between the adventures of Jason and those ofOdysseus. Both heroes proved themselves to be mighty warriors Jason, whenforced to battle against the soldiers of the dragon teeth and Odysseus duringthe long battles of Troy. Both heroes showed extreme courage in the face ofdanger and neither shied from doing what was necessary to complete their quest.Both manpower were also very modest and were able to except help when needed, eitherform gods or from other mortals. Jason did not hesitate to ask for help from theprincess Medea. Odysseus genuine help from a simple sheep herder in order toreclaim his category. Although these two heroes had similar adventures and sharedsimilar qualities, they were very different.The first difference we post-horse between these two heroes is their lineage. Likemost Greek heroes, Jason was a direct descendant of the gods. Odysseus on theother hand was not. He was a member of the Royal House of Athens and not divineas were many of his peers and relatives. Odysseus was also more compassionatethan Jason. Jason used people to his own end and then treat them. Anexample of this would be his relationship with Medea. She made him into the herohe was, saved his life many times, and le ft her homeland to follow her loveJason. Jason, however, upon reaching home with the Golden Fleece, decided tomarry a princess to gain more political power. He made this decision with nothought towards Medeas feelings and her love for him. Odysseus, in contrast,was furthermost more loyal to his family and followers. He placed their happiness andsafety on an equal or greater level then his own. For instance, when he was on