Administrative Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Administrative Law - Essay Example ts. Consequently, there has been an urgent need to tackle and overcome such activities of prostitution which are in most communities considered as unacceptable. However, many countries in the light of the stated problem have legalized prostitution through brothels with the imposition of certain restriction so as to minimize criminal offences, simultaneously preserving social interests. For instance, even though an increasing percentage of population worldwide deciphers a strong believe that legalization of prostitution or brothels can de-motivate the performing of such offences, communities still perceive that such acts are immoral and should never be legalised as it might harm the social environment and the following generations by a large extent. Based on this understanding, in the light of Brothel Licensing Act 2011 (Cth), the case scenario of Alice will be assessed. Alice is an adult citizen of Sydney and runs a number of art galleries. Deciding that she would become a brothel â €˜madam’, Alice renovates a dilapidated youth hostel into a high class brothel. Correspondingly, she applies for a brothel license pursuant to the Brothel Licensing Act 2011 (Cth). Although she is granted with a brothel license, two conditions were mentioned rigidly in the agreement which she feels to be inhibiting her business growth prospects. Accordingly, many issues are observed to emerge opposing the license granted to the brothel. Concentrating on these issues, the report will intend to evaluate the specifications of such acts and its justness to be enacted. Decision or Decisions That Alice Can Seek Judicial Review Of The Minister decides to grant Alice a brothel license based on two rigid conditions. The first condition restricts that there be a maximum of four people on the premises at any one time. Correspondingly, the second condition deliberates that the brothel shall provide prostitution services only within the hours of 9am to 5pm and from Monday to Friday onl y. It is worth mentioning in this regard that prostitution has been found as one of the oldest professional practices performed by people even after being strongly opposed in the orthodox period of human civilisation. In the current day perspective, many countries including United Kingdom, Canada, France, and Germany among others have made prostitution and brothel legal with the intention to reduce the rate of sex crimes bringing-in various legal restrictions. Laws that prohibit prostitution and brothels have often been opposed by feminists accusing it to act as sex discrimination. Therefore, in a free and independent society, such laws are regarded as inappropriate as these legal implications tend to violate the basic rights and individual liberties unnecessarily. Prostitution services do not harm any of the party engaged in the prostitution due to mutual agreements; rather it does de-motivate people to forcefully indulge in such activities. People who agree to pay value for the pr ostitution services rendered to them at their own will and interest are the likely clients of the brothels. It has often been mentioned that it is appropriate to enact strict laws against trafficking defining it to be a category of sex crime, rather than on brothels which focuses on agreed sexual activities1. Thus, with reference to Alice’

Women role in our society Essay Example for Free

Women role in our society Essay Today, it cannot be denied that the liberation of the women (will be better to change to the women’s liberation) from domestic duties and subservient status has actually brought them an independently social equal position or superior to that of men. Women today are very active as they take part in many social functions of the communities, and have achieved (achieve – it might be dangerous to use simple present and present perfect in a joined- sentence, take a safer way ^0^) great successful (successes – should be a noun not adjective) in life. In any ( various, a vast amount of – I’m not quite sure about using â€Å"any† here, it’s fine when you translate to Vietnamese, however, it’s pretty rare to see such sentence in English document) countries around the world, many of ambassadors, ministers, commander-in-chiefs and senators are women. Some believed that women are excellent managers, since they are patient and prudent to solve the difficulties and urgent problems rather than being impatient like men. For instance, the recent survey points out that in Europe women held 23.2% of the seats in the Congress, however, in Sweden and Finland the number increases to 42% (The point is this example doesn’t seem to prove the above statement, take another one which should be related to a situation requiring being patient – customer complainning, for instance). Besides, many people think that women earn (more) than three-fourth as much as men actually, women’s weekly earnings were 75% of men’s which show the women’s ability compared to men. Women are also working in every fields of life. They are serving the nation in the same way like (as) the men (are), more than 70% of them are in the labor force. Women is flying the airplanes, they are doctors, engineers, lawyer †¦.and more than a mother. Today (Avoiding using such word, it will lower you mark ) many girls (young females) graduates (graduate) from high schools and enroll in colleges or universities then become successful  managers or even the chairmans of a big company (to increase the mark try to use words like : multination corporation, enterprise). Women can learn, start a business and they can become billionaires just like the men. In conclusion, women today are treated more fairly, they can vote, do politics, run a business, and their ability to work in any aspects in life such as education, economics, laws, entertainment shows that women are not behind in any case than a man. But (never ever use â€Å"but† to begin a sentence) in many part of the world, there is still gender discrimination which must be fought against. To be fair, this is a good assignment, well done. However, you can do even better if you focus on : + To list various things, never use â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , for example  such as education, economics, laws, entertainment = must be changed into such as education, economics, laws, and entertainment It must be that way to get a band 7 or 8 in the test + Never use â€Å"but†, â€Å"and†, to start a sentence - there are more, try to search for them + Avoiding using many, today, and words that show personal opinions, it is more academic to use passive voice. +The provided arguments are not strong enough, do more research before writing will help

Importance of Shell Shock in Pat Barkers Regeneration :: Pat Barker Regeneration Essays

Importance of Shell Shock in Pat Barker's Regeneration Pat Barker's Regeneration contains references to people, places, and cultural elements of particular significance to her themes as well as to the study of the First World War. One cultural reference, that of shell shock, is made early in the novel. On page four, Dr. William Rivers learns that Siegfried Sassoon is being sent to Craiglockhart War Hospital with a case of shell shock. To prevent shell shock from crippling the patients, Craiglockhart emphasizes the value of therapy, a theme in the novel, as a way to fight back against the mental battles. The term shell shock was first coined in 1915 by C.S. Myers in The Lancet to describe the disorder found on the battlefield in soldiers who had been exposed to an exploding shell (Spiller). During the beginning of World War One, the disorder was common only among soldiers. Victims were often mocked and labeled cowards by their peers, causing many to desert the army. Around three hundred of these men were shot, and hundreds more were imprisoned for their apparent cowardness (Storr). Soon officers began falling ill as well, and by 1917, the ratio of shell-shocked officers to shell-shocked enlisted men was an astounding 1: 6 (Bourke). With this shift, shell shock became recognized as a legitimate medical disorder. The symptoms of shell shock were numerous and varied from soldier to soldier. Physical effects ranged from trembling, sweating, insomnia, diarrhea, and minor twitches to paralysis, blindness, and muteness. Victims also experienced anguish, anxiety, and the inability to control their emotions. As a result, most were unable to separate their past from reality. During the war, psychologist Karl Bimbaum observed "great weariness and profuse weeping, even in otherwise strong men" (Spiller). Many of the soldiers exhibited what Sigmund Freud termed conversion disorders, which were subconsciously-formed problems such as the inability to walk, talk, see, or hear (Stuttaford). These symptoms were beyond the patients' control. Shell shock had devastating effects on the British Army. Over 80,000 cases of shell shock were treated during World War One (Bourke). Even after the war, symptoms continued to surface in a majority of the victims. Years later, many veterans still complained of frequent nightmares and hallucinations. In 1927, over 65,000 men remained in mental hospitals suffering from shell shock acquired during the war (Spiller). In every military conflict since World War One, shell shock has been a problem among combat forces.

The Tragic Hero Victor Frankenstein

Aristotle's ideas about tragedy were recorded in his book of literary theory titled Poetics. In it, he has a great deal to say about the structure, purpose, and intended effect of tragedy. His ideas have been adopted, disputed, expanded, and discussed for several centuries now. The following is a summary of his basic ideas regarding the tragic hero: 1. The tragic hero is a character of noble stature and has greatness. This should be readily evident in the play. The character must occupy a â€Å"high† status position but must ALSO embody nobility and virtue as part of his/her innate character. 2. Though the tragic hero is pre-eminently great, he/she is not perfect. Otherwise, the rest of us–mere mortals–would be unable to identify with the tragic hero. We should see in him or her someone who is essentially like us, although perhaps elevated to a higher position in society. 3. The hero's downfall, therefore, is partially her/his own fault, the result of free choice, not of accident or villainy or some overriding, malignant fate. In fact, the tragedy is usually triggered by some error of judgment or some character flaw that contributes to the hero's lack of perfection noted above. This error of judgment or character flaw is known as hamartia and is usually translated as â€Å"tragic flaw† (although some scholars argue that this is a mistranslation). Often the character's hamartia involves hubris (which is defined as a sort of arrogant pride or over-confidence). 4. The hero's misfortunate is not wholly deserved. The punishment exceeds the crime. 5. The fall is not pure loss. There is some increase in awareness, some gain in self-knowledge, some discovery on the part of the tragic hero.. 6. Though it arouses solemn emotion, tragedy does not leave its audience in a state of depression. Aristotle argues that one function of tragedy is to arouse the â€Å"unhealthy† emotions of pity and fear and through a catharsis (which comes from watching the tragic hero's terrible fate) cleanse us of those emotions. It might be worth noting here that Greek drama was not considered â€Å"entertainment,† pure and simple; it had a communal function–to contribute to the good health of the community. This is why dramatic performances were a part of religious festivals and community celebrations.

Cis 500 Case Study 1

Case Study 1: The Big Data Challenges Richard Lall Dr. Kim Anthony CIS500010VA016-1128-001 Info Syst Decision-Making October 28, 2012 Judge how Volvo Car Corporation integrated the cloud infrastructure into its networks. Volvo split from Ford in in 2010. In doing so they needed to create their own standalone IT environment and at the same time improve its business intelligence capabilities and operational efficiency (Microsoft, 2012).In a world where many consumers value smart technology in coexistence with automotive engineering, Volvo has created vehicles with hundreds of sensors and CPU’s embedded throughout the car (I-CIO, 2011). â€Å"Besides vehicle data gathered by sensors in and on the vehicle, we also collect visual information from four cameras. This gives us a good view of what happened in the cab and on the road at any given point in time† (Volvo Group, 2011).From the central locking system to the on board camera’s, data is being captured for use with in the vehicle and then transmitted via the cloud back to Volvo (I-CIO, 2011). Once data is received at Volvo it is streamed to a centralized analysis hub (the Volvo Data Warehouse), alongside data from customer relationship management systems (CRM), dealership systems, and product development and design systems (I-CIO, 2011). Once data is retrieved at the Volvo Data Warehouse it is archived where it can be retrieved and analyze or manipulated by Volvo employees.Through the cloud Volvo is massing large amount of rich data and this is providing them with the opportunity to â€Å"turn that resource into something that no only helps build better cars, but also helps the customer have a better experience [through their interaction and above all safety]† (I-CIO, 2011). Explain how Volvo Car Corporation transforms data into knowledge. Utilizing the Volvo data Warehouse to splice data together Volvo is able to perform analysis on various vehicle aspects. Having this abundance of dat a quicker allows Volvo to be pre-warned about potential issues pertaining to mechanical problems (I-CIO, 2011).Becoming educated on vehicle issues early in the car’s lifecycle allows Volvo to spot flaws in vehicle parts allowing them modify the manufacturing process to correct the issue (I-CIO, 2011). By applying â€Å"well-honed lean processes†, Volvo is able limit the number of part defects that reach the consumer (I-CIO, 2011). Instead of 500,000 units being impacted the issue can be stopped at the first 1000, leaving a majority of customer experience positive and brand name intact (I-CIO, 2011). â€Å"Another area where large-scale data capture and analysis is driving improvements is in safety† (I-CIO, 2011).At the safety center in in Sweden the company is performing detailed forensic examinations on Volvo’s that have been in various accidents (I-CIO, 2011). Using these examinations, Volvo can detect and analyze the timing of airbags, timing of brakin g system and weather conditions. Post analysis results allow Volvo to create software and system updates that can be loaded onto consumer vehicles ensuring that vehicles will perform better in accidents (I-CIO, 2011). Identify the real-time information systems implemented and evaluate the impact of these implementations.Post the Ford break-up in 2010, Volvo had a unique opportunity to implement a new standalone IT infrastructure. Pre implementation Volvo sought to improve data management. The company relied on IT personnel to design and generate data reports, which was slow and in-efficient (Microsoft, 2012). â€Å"Also, there [was] no central location for storing reports, so information often is distributed by sending a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet or other attachment in an email message. This means distribution is limited, and the information can be hard to find† (Microsoft, 2012).To address the various issues of quality and efficiency Volvo deployed a â€Å"solution based on Microsoft SQL Server 2012 Business Intelligence data management software and related BI technologies, including Microsoft SharePoint Server 2010 and Microsoft Office 2010. One of the big reasons for choosing Microsoft is that Microsoft products are designed to work well together† (Microsoft, 2012). The impact of this implementation led to reduce costs and enhanced collaboration across various Volvo business units and departments. Argue how the Big Data strategy gives Volvo Car Corporation a competitive advantage.Being able to see into future is still impossible but using the knowledge we gain to today to make better decisions so tomorrow is better is exactly the advantage that Volvo has attained. Their Big Data strategy has allowed them analyze a variety of aspects of vehicle and consumer coexistence. From specific parts to safety Volvo is now empowered to create better overall vehicles not just initially but throughout the life of the vehicle. Big Data gives Volvo a height ened sense of collaboration from design to manufacturing to the dealership, thus giving them an edge over their competition. Works Cited I-CIO. 2011, January). Converting data into business value at volvo. Retrieved from http://www. i-cio. com/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/8833/i-cio_Case_Study_Volvo. pdf Microsoft. (2012). Bi solution boosts operational efficiency and reduces costs at volvo car corporation . Retrieved from http://www. microsoft. com/casestudies/Case_Study_Detail. aspx? CaseStudyID=710000000271 Volvo Group. (2011). Collecting driving data to improve safety. Retrieved from http://www. volvogroup. com/group/global/en-gb/researchandtechnology/transport_society/enhancing_safety/collecting_data_for_safety/Pages/collecting_data_for_safety. aspx

IMC Plan.List of assumptions and Potential competitors Essay Essays

IMC Plan.List of assumptions and Potential competitors Essay Essays IMC Plan.List of assumptions and Potential competitors Essay Paper IMC Plan.List of assumptions and Potential competitors Essay Paper Ranbuild is a company in Newcastle. Australia that is in the concern of providing steel edifices. The company was formed in 1949 by Neil Statham. Ranbuild has been in this concern for about 65 old ages functioning Australian and the universe market. Initially. Ranbuild started by bring forthing managing equipment and horizontal grain sheds that were specialized ( Ranbuild. 2014 ) . Neil Statham the laminitis of Ranbuild went to Middle East in 1971 and managed to secure gross revenues of over one hundred 1000 sheds. When he returned to Australia. Neil Statham developed back to endorse C subdivision together with applied scientist Charles Resersky that would cut down three-dimensional weight for transporting. In the early70s. Ranbuidld became a public company. Subsequently on it was purchased by Acquila Group. Acquila Group subsequently on sold it to Kerry Parker. Ranbuild bought a axial rotation forming machine that would bring forth stone bolts and guard tracks. It besides gave Neil Statham back a subdivision of edifice in the concern. It was that edifice subdivision that subsequently on became R A ; N Steel Building. R A ; N Steel Buildings became what is today called Ranbuild. Ranbuild is presently bring forthing assorted merchandises and selling them to equine. domestic. rural and commercial markets. It regards itself as the ultimate leader in fancied edifice industry. Authorized traders of Ranbuild continue sharing the success and the growing of the company. In 2004. Ranbuild was purchased by Lysaght Solutions Pty Ltd. Lysaght Solutions Pty Ltd is a subordinate to the full owned by BlueScope Steel. BlueScope Steel is a edifice company that is one of the largest edifice company in Australia and bids respect because of it outstanding record or dependability. service and high quality merchandises ( Ranbuild2014 ) . Ranbuild continues to place themselves as the leaders in the market by constructing a professional image and offering quality trade name to their clients. Ranbuild has partnership with a web of traders that server their client with satisfaction. This leads to increase in profitableness every bit good as market portion to Ranbuild and other traders ( Ranbuild2014 ) . Target market Ranbuild Company targets B2B markets. This makes it necessary for Ranbuild to understand assorted features of concern industries in Singapore. For them to recognize their end they should recognize that their mark market in Singapore have different features compared to constructing industries in Australia. It is advisable for the company to analyse carefully the features of their clients in Singapore. After the analysis. Ranbuild cam mark building. existent estate development company. contractor and hardware resellers. List of premises In order to make an incorporate selling program. several premises are formed. An premise is information that is required but can non be accessed or given out easy. This means that premises may be different from the world of the state of affairs. In some instances it may reflect the state of affairs of twelvemonth 2014. It is assumed that in 2014. the demand for building and other merchandises related to building will be stable and strong in Singapore market. Ranbuild bases to profit from companies that will be seeking for building merchandises to spread out and upgrade their concern. It is assumed that over one twelvemonth. the economic system of Australia and Singapore will be stable. The stableness of an economic system has a important impact on enlargement of ( Mole. 2012 ) . The monetary values that Ranbuild charges for their merchandise are taken to be the same or at the same degree with that of Singapore market. This makes Ranbuild’s merchandise to be competitory. Due to sensitiveness of monetary values concerns are advised non to increase their monetary value above other concerns in the same market. Ranbuild’s merchandises are said to follow with safety demand in Singapore and other Torahs and ordinances. It is assumed that B2B customer’s penchant is receptive ; hence clients in Singapore will work or utilize Ranbuild merchandises. Throughout twelvemonth 2014. the fiscal position of Ranbuild. its clients in Singapore and Suppliers is said to stay stable. Monetary values charged by Ranbuild are expected to stay stable throughout the twelvemonth 2014. In Singapore. market growing and chance is said to be stable or travel to a greater degree. It is assumed that production cost is non included. Potential rivals Primary rivals Primary rivals refer to companies that have the ability of supplying about indistinguishable merchandises or services. A good illustration in building market is Ranbuild. Some of Ranbuild rivals include ; 3D Shed-n-patios 3D Shed-n-patios has been in operation for more than 23 old ages. It is a good recognized shed edifice trade name. Their quoting system gives them a batch of strength since they are able to place different tendencies and at the same clip fulfill their clients. They are able to fulfill their clients by usage of high engineering characteristics in their merchandises. 3D Shed-n-patios stuffs are backed by BlueScope Steel which at the same clip is a keeping company of Ranbuild ( 3D Sheds-n-Patios. 2014 ) . This is seen as a defect in the operations of Ranbuild. This company has been able to diversify their sheds and continues to diversify in a better manner than Ranbuild which produces fewer types of sheds. Another failing of Ranbuild is the fact that they have hapless selling scheme which can be seen from the few communications and societal networking solutions ( Clow. 2013 ) . The Shed Company It is one of the taking sheds in edifice concern. It derives its strength from its design. installations and supply. They besides have many designs that include forms and colour. However. the caducous company is presently seeking and working hard to understand and speak to their clients Queens Shed Market Queens Shed Market has over 11 old ages of experience in the edifice industry. The company has accomplished assorted diversified operations every bit good as undertakings. It gives full guarantee for all their merchandises to clients. It besides has a steadfast entree to build- in doors and other types of merchandises ( Francia. 2014 ) . Secondary rivals refer to houses that deal with merchandises or services that may be used as replacement to what Ranbuild produces. Some of the companies that may impact Ranbuild include ; 1. Parasol Steel pte ltd 2. Professional plastic Inc. Overview of selling mix Merchandise Ranbuild sell merchandises of high quality. This is because their providers. BlueScope Lysaght is known globally for covering with premium steel and merchandise ( Lysaght. 2014 ) . Quality of Ranbuild’s merchandises is widely known and it is an recognized fact that they are long lasting. Monetary value Ranbuild web site does non incorporate monetary values for their merchandises. However. their clients can inquire from their advisers in their web site the monetary value scope. Ranbuild gives a service called â€Å"Ranbuild better wage. † This option is applicable merely when one purchases merchandises that are above AU $ 500. This service enables clients to see improved convenience and besides enable them to fit it with their hard currency flows. Ranbuild better wage gives up to one twelvemonth involvement free refund period ( Ranbuild2014 ) . Topographic point Ranbuild has dealership in Singapore. This means that their merchandises are sold through authorized traders and non straight to clients. This is done throughout Australia ( Kelley. 2012 ) . Promotion Ranbuild frequently introduces new offers and new publicities that enhance client satisfaction. It besides increases trade name individuality by usage of selling tools like web site. societal media account. booklets. web logs and e-newsletter ( Ranbuild2014 ) . Ranbuild presently launched a Weaco Ice Box 2013 publicity. This is a premium ice box for orders placed between December up to February 2014 ( Ranbuild2014 ) ( Refer to Appendix1 ) Promotion mix Tradeshows Ranbuild holds tradeshows in exhibition yearly in Singapore. The intent of tradeshows is to link with their clients. stakeholders and providers that may necessitate airdock. industrial edifices. shelters and gallery. These tradeshows give their client a opportunity to measure the merchandise and its quality. They besides get a opportunity to inquire inquiries and give feedback to the company ( Chandra. 2000 ) . Newspaper Ranbuild should utilize newspapers that have a batch of adverts in building. This is a good advertisement media to make local market. It provides a good gross revenues lead since clients can read catalogs. They can bespeak gross revenues individuals to name them back and besides do purchase on web sites. Personal merchandising Personal merchandising is a good manner of making consciousness about the trade name and besides draws attending of clients to the company’s merchandise. It will besides enable Ranbuild acquire information from their clients straight. Personalized merchandising will enable Ranbuild make a specialised selling scheme in future in Singapore. Booklet This enables a company to increase the attending of their clients towards their merchandises. They besides inform clients about the merchandise inside informations. merchandise scopes and other particular offers ( Chandra. 2000 ) . Appendix 1 Mentions Brown. M. ( n. d. ) . Products. Stainless Steel Plate Supplier. Distributor A ; Stockholder. Retrieved March 1. 2014. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. brownmac. com/singapore/products/ Chandra. A. . A ; Thompson. E. ( 2000 ) . Does public substructure affect economic activity? : Evidence from the rural interstate main road system. Regional Science and Urban Economics. 30 ( 3 ) . 457-490. Clow. K. E. . A ; Baack. D. ( 2013 ) . Integrated advertisement. publicity A ; selling communications ( 6th ed. ) . Upper Saddle River. N. J. : Pearson Prentice Hall. Francia. A. ( n. d. ) . Francia Virtual Home. Sun sunglassess. Retrieved January 19. 2014. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. mnjss. com/index. php Kelley. L. D. . A ; Jugenheimer. D. W. ( 2012 ) . Advertising media planning: a trade name direction attack ( 3rd ed. ) . Armonk. N. Y. : M. E. Sharpe. Lee. M. . A ; Johnson. C. ( 2012 ) . Principles of publicizing a planetary position ( 2nd ed. ) . New York: Haworth Press. Ministry of Trade and Industry. Singapore. ( 2013. February 19 ) . Economic study of Singapore 2012. Ministry of Trade and Industry. Singapore. Retrieved January 19. 2014. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. mti. gov. sg/ResearchRoom/SiteAssets/Pages/Economic-Survey-of-Singapore-2012/FullReport_AES2012. pdf Beginning papers

Learn About Thermal Inversion

Learn About Thermal Inversion Temperature inversion layers also called thermal inversions or just inversion layers, are areas where the normal decrease in air temperature with increasing altitude is reversed and air above the ground is warmer than the air below it. Inversion layers can occur anywhere from close to ground level up to thousands of feet into the atmosphere. Inversion layers are significant to meteorology because they block atmospheric flow which causes the air over an area experiencing an inversion to become stable. This can then result in various types of weather patterns. More importantly, though, areas with heavy pollution are prone to unhealthy air and an increase in smog when an inversion is present because they trap pollutants at ground level instead of circulating them away. Causes of Temperature Inversions Normally, air temperature decreases at a rate of 3.5Â °F for every 1000 feet (or roughly 6.4Â °C for every kilometer) you climb into the atmosphere. When this normal cycle is present, it is considered an unstable air mass and air constantly flow between the warm and cool areas. As such the air is better able to mix and spread around pollutants. During an inversion episode, temperatures increase with increasing altitude. The warm inversion layer then acts as a cap and stops atmospheric mixing. This is why inversion layers are called stable air masses. Temperature inversions are a result of other weather conditions in an area. They occur most often when a warm, less dense air mass moves over a dense, cold air mass. This can happen for example when the air near the ground rapidly loses its heat on a clear night. In this situation, the ground becomes cooled quickly while the air above it retains the heat the ground was holding during the day. Additionally, temperature inversions occur in some coastal areas because upwelling of cold water can decrease surface air temperature and the cold air mass stays under warmer ones. Topography can also play a role in creating a temperature inversion since it can sometimes cause cold air to flow from mountain peaks down into valleys. This cold air then pushes under the warmer air rising from the valley, creating the inversion. In addition, inversions can also form in areas with significant snow cover because the snow at ground level is cold and its white color reflects almost all heat coming in. Thus, the air above the snow is often warmer because it holds the reflected energy. Consequences of Temperature Inversions Some of the most significant consequences of temperature inversions are the extreme weather conditions they can sometimes create. One example of these is freezing rain. This phenomenon develops with a temperature inversion in a cold area because snow melts as it moves through the warm inversion layer. The precipitation then continues to fall and passes through the cold layer of air near the ground. When it moves through this final cold air mass it becomes super-cooled (cooled below freezing without becoming solid). The supercooled drops then become ice when they land on items like cars and trees and the result is freezing rain or an ice storm. Intense thunderstorms and tornadoes are also associated with inversions because of the intense energy that is released after an inversion blocks an area’s normal convection patterns. Smog Although freezing rain, thunderstorms, and tornadoes are significant weather events, one of the most important things impacted by an inversion layer is smog. This is the brownish-gray haze that covers many of the world’s largest cities and is a result of dust, auto exhaust, and industrial manufacturing. Smog is impacted by the inversion layer because it is in essence, capped when the warm air mass moves over an area. This happens because the warmer air layer sits over a city and prevents the normal mixing of cooler, denser air. The air instead becomes still and over time the lack of mixing causes pollutants to become trapped under the inversion, developing significant amounts of smog. During severe inversions that last over long periods, smog can cover entire metropolitan areas and cause respiratory problems for the inhabitants of those areas. In December 1952, for example, such an inversion occurred in London. Because of the cold December weather at the time, Londoners began to burn more coal, which increased air pollution in the city. Since the inversion was present over the city at the same time, these pollutants became trapped and increased London’s air pollution. The result was the Great Smog of 1952 that was blamed for thousands of deaths. Like London, Mexico City has also experienced problems with smog that have been exacerbated by the presence of an inversion layer. This city is infamous for its poor air quality but these conditions are worsened when warm sub-tropical high-pressure systems move over the city and trap air in the Valley of Mexico. When these pressure systems trap the valley’s air, pollutants are also trapped and intense smog develops. Since 2000, Mexicos government has developed a ten-year plan aimed at reducing ozone and particulates released into the air over the city. London’s Great Smog and Mexico’s similar problems are extreme examples of smog being impacted by the presence of an inversion layer. This is a problem all over the world though and cities like Los Angeles, California; Mumbai, India; Santiago, Chile; and Tehran, Iran, frequently experience intense smog when an inversion layer develops over them. Because of this, many of these cities and others are working to reduce their air pollution. To make the most of these changes and to reduce smog in the presence of a temperature inversion, it’s important to first understand all aspects of this phenomenon, making it an important component of the study of meteorology, a significant sub-field within geography.