Hydraulics and Hydrology Lec

48362 hydraulics and HYDROLOGY James E Ball Hydrology luck drug-addicted DETAILS 1 CONTACTS ? Assoc professor James Ball ? ? ? james. emailprotected edu. au ph 9514 2623 Office Hours ? ? Monday 200 400pm butt on by email for appointment field of view archetype The objective of this ingredient of the up to(p) is ? clear plan hydrology ? Introduce hydrological processes ? Introduce flood estimation and ? Introduce engineering hydrology applications in pissing imagings management. 2 radical CONCEPT This introduction is aimed at ? Providing an magnate to apply commonly use methods in hydrology and ?Provide an understanding of the theory canful these methods. REFERENCES Three references that may be utile be ? Applied Hydrology Chow, Maidment & whitethorns, McGraw-Hill Book Co. ? Hydrology An Australian innovation Ladson, Oxford University Press ? Australian rain & overf pathetic A Guide to flood lamp union Engineers Australia No published passage accounts argon available for this subject. 3 SUBJECT DOCUMENTS UTS-Online will be used for dispersion of ? Copies of claver slides ? Reading material and ? tutorial problems. Students should note that additional reference books may be noted in the lecture slides.LECTURE STRUCTURE Each Hydrology lecture full stop will comprise ? 2 instant lecture and ? 1 hour tutorial. It is anticipate that students will have accessed the lecture slides, read material and tutorials prior to the lecture period. 4 SUBJECT TIMETABLE Date Topic 27 February Hydrology and piss Resources 5 March meteorology 12 March Hydrologic Data 19 March Surface urine 27 March Storm runoff 2 April Hydrologic program 9 April Design rain 1 whitethorn Peak draw Estimation 7 May Hydrograph Estimation Part 1 13 May Hydrograph Estimation Part 2 14 May milieual Flows 21 May weewee Sensitive Urban Design 4 JuneCourse Review HYDROLOGIC stave yack 1 5 CONTENT ? Introduction to Hydrology ? Development of Hydrology ? Hydr ologic Cycle ? Australian Hydrology brass instrument 6 comment OF HYDROLOGY Greek record Hydor = irrigate & ology = study of Hydraulics comes from Greek word hydraulikos which in turn comes from hydor (Greek for weewee system) and aulos ( recollecting pipe). DEFINITION OF HYDROLOGY UNESCO (1979)1 defines hydrology as the physical science which treats the body of pissing of the Earth, their Occurrence, Circulation and Distribution, their Chemical and Physical Properties, and their Reaction with the Environment. UNESCO, (1979), Impact of urbanisation and industrialisation on body of peeing system system resources planning and management, Studies and Reports in Hydrology, UNESCO, UNESCO, Paris. 7 nasty body of water is essential for victuals of life. Early civilisations were concentrated on rivers ? ? establishment of settlements near rivers analogous to looking for signs of water on Mars Management of water is multi-disciplinary many professions atomic hail 18 invol ved. pissing anatomy of problems encountered include ? Flood mitigation ? strong sewer systems ? Land drainage ? Water Supply ? Culvert and bridge designinging ? environmental Flows ? Erosion ?Mine tailings ? Drought ? fitting to mode change ? Irrigation systems ? Hydro-electric and power propagation ? Stormwater systems 8 RURAL FLOODING urban FLOODS 9 STORM pee STRUCTURES STORMwater system DRAINS 10 water supplement HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER 11 IRRIGATION SCHEMES DROUGHT 12 evolution OF HYDROLOGY Ancient civilisations were integrated with their river valleys. Examples be ? ? ? ? ? Egyptian Civilisations and the Nile vale Mesopotamian Civilisations and the TigrisEuphrates Indian Civilisations and the Indus Valley Ancient mainland China and the Yellow River Andean Civilisations and Coastal Peru growth OF HYDROLOGYMany of structures from early civilisations atomic number 18 still in operation. Large carapace irrigation and drainage works were associated with these civilisati ons. Earliest enter dam is or so 2900BC (the Sadd Al-Kafara at Wadi Al-Garawi, 25km second of Cairo) Used for both flood guard and irrigation. Also site of earliest k straight off dam failure. 13 phylogeny OF HYDROLOGY Oldest living dam in the world is the revered Anicut Dam on the Kaveri River in gray India. This structue examines back to 2nd snowfall AD. learning OF HYDROLOGY Water supply to Ancient capital of Italy has been estimated as being approx 500L/c/d.Current water supply requirements are ? ? ? Australian cities, design approx. 430L/c/d Australian cities, real(a) approx. 230L/c/d US cities, design approx 600L/c/d Drainage structures (such as the Cloaca Maxima) from Ancient Rome are still being used today. 14 ANCIENT ROMANS Cloaca maxima Bath, UK AQUEDUCTS Pont du Gard, France c19 BC Hampi, India initiative century AD 15 cultivation OF HYDROLOGY Flood protection has been practiced for thousands of geezerhood along the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers. It remains an shorten of concern in these areas to the current day. DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROLOGY Water has been of interest for many old age.Ancient Greek and Roman philosophers speculated on a hydrologic bike Homer, Plato, Aristotle, Lucretius, Seneca, Pliny. This cycle was developed from their observations of water in their environment. Use of observations remains a natural component of current hydrologic applications and research. 16 DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROLOGY Chinese recorded observations of rain ? ? ? An-yang seer bones as early as 1 two hundredBC Used rain gauges around vitamin C0BC and realized systematic records about ccBC. Indian records date back to four hundredBC. DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROLOGY Scientific increment of hydrology occurred uring the Renaissance period. Examples are ? ? ? Leonardo da Vinci velocity distributions in streams. Bernard Palissy springs originated from rainwater. Pierre Perrault overspill is a fraction of rainwater. 17 DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROLOGY Other cont ributions during this period were made by ? ? ? ? ? Galileo Newton Bernoulli Euler Lagrange DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROLOGY Significant scientific development occurred in the 19th Century when ? ? ? ? ? Dalton proposed the principle of evaporation. Hagen-Poiseuille described capillary flow. Mulvaney developed the Rational method. Darcy described mathematically holey media low. Rippl developed methods for determining storage requirements. 18 DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROLOGY 20th Century truism rapid development of quantitative hydrology. Biggest lick during this period was the development of the digital calculator and the development of catchment modelling systems. Limitation now is data availability rather than enumeration capacity. HYDROLOGIC CYCLE 19 HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE wizard of the fundamental cycles of nature. Basis for the science of hydrology. measurable points ? ? ? ? Cycle has no start and no end. Cycle is continuous. Flow of water in the cycle is not continuous.Water moves erratica lly through and through the cycle. HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE 20 HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE 21 HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE prevalent components of the cycle are ? Atmospheric Water ? Surface Water ? Ground Water In analysis of water resource problems, these components are treated with a systems approach. 22 SYSTEMS CONCEPT A systems concept is employ when considering the hydrological cycle or some component thereof. This is consistent with the reductionist concept used in many engineering problems. SYSTEMS CONCEPT The reductionist philosophy is based on reducing the system to a number of smaller omponents. The response of the system whence is determined from summation of the responses of the individual components. 23 SYSTEMS CONCEPT WATER ease 24 WATER symmetricalness Amount of water does not change. Where it may be demonstrate does change. Water maybe found in the seas and oceans, in the atmosphere, on the surface, below the surface, and in biological systems. WA TER BALANCE gunpoint seas Polar Ice Groundwater Lakes Soil wet Atmospheric Water Rivers Biological Water ?Water VOLUME (km3) % TOTAL WATER 1. 338 x 109 96. 5 24. 0 x 106 1. 7 23. 4 x 106 1. 69 187. 9 x 103 0. 0138 16. 5 x 103 0. 0012 12. 9 x 103 . 001 2. 1 x 103 0. 0002 1. 1 x 103 0. 0001 1. 386 x 109 100. 0 UNESCO, 1978 ref 11, ladson ch1 25 WATER BALANCE Not all water is strongwater. solitary(prenominal) approx 2. 5% of the water is fresh water water in the oceans and some lake water and ground water is saline. Considering only fresh water, the values in the previous circuit card are modified to WATER BALANCE UNESCO, 1978 full point VOLUME (km3) % TOTAL WATER Polar Ice 24. 0 x 106 68. 6 Groundwater 23. 4 x 106 30. 1 103 0. 26 Soil moisture 16. 5 x 103 0. 05 Atmospheric Water 103 0. 04 Rivers 2. 1 x 103 0. 006 Biological Water 1. 1 x 103 0. 003 Fresh Water 35. 0 x 106 00. 0 Lakes 187. 9 x 12. 9 x 26 WATER BALANCE Basis of any multitude based problem is a water balance. Th is is a usage of the concept of continuity. In general, application of continuity gives in bulk terms Inflow Outflow = modify in Storage (? S) And in fluxion terms Qi Qo = ? S / ? t WATER BALANCE Components of inflow for a water body such as a lake or reservoir are ? Precipitation (P) ? Inflow from rivers or groundwater (I) 27 WATER BALANCE Components of outflow for a water body such as a lake or reservoir are ? Evapo-transpiration (ET) ? Outflows Extractions, Downstream flows, (O) and ? Seepage (G)WATER BALANCE then the water balance for a water body is P + I O ET G = ? S 28 WATER FLOWS While the glitz of water in a source is weighty, the flux of water through a component is important also. An indication of the flux can be obtained from the diagram of the hydrological cycle. WATER FLOWS The Global yearly Water Balance is shown on in units relative to the annual volume of heedlessness on land masses. Note that this is a flow rate (km3/yr). 29 WATER FLOWS ? Precipitation ? ? ? ? Land 119,000 km3/yr (800mm/yr) Ocean 458,000 km3/yr (1270mm/yr) Total 577,000 km3/yr dehydration ? ? ?Land 72,000 km3/yr (484mm/yr) Ocean 505,000 km3/yr (one hundred forty0mm/yr) Total 577,000 km3/yr WATER FLOWS ? Runoff to Oceans ? ? ? Rivers 44,700 km3/yr Groundwater 2,cc km3/yr Total Runoff 47,000 km3/yr (316mm/yr) 30 WATER FLOWS Considering the volume and flux gives the mean residence multiplication in a particular source. The mean residence fourth dimension for atmospheric water is obtained by dividing the volume (S) of water in the atmosphere by the flux (Q), ie TR ? S 12,900 ? ? 0. 022 yr ? 8. 2days Q 577,000 WATER FLOWS ITEM Oceans Polar Ice & Glaciers Groundwater Lakes Soil Moisture Rivers Atmosphere Biological WaterTR 2600 years 1100 years 700 years 13 years clv days 13 days 8. 2 days 3. 4 days 31 Australian clime AUSTRALIAN CLIMATE of droughts and flooding rains 32 RIVER RUNOFF Australia has low runoff per unit area (average enlightenment of surface runoff). Also, Australian runoff has greater variability due to lack of snow melt period. rainwater COMPARISON division of one-year rainfall 20 18 Coefficient (%) 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 A ustralia S. A frica Germany France NZ India UK Canada China USA Russia Country 33 AUSTRALIAN CLIMATE CLIMATE CLASSIFICATIONS Marked wet summertime and dry wintertimetime of northern Australia. idiotic summer and low winter rainfall of southeast QLD and northeast NSW. Uniform rainfall in southeast Australia. Wet winter and dry summer of southwest WA and parts of the southeast. Arid area comprising about half of the continent More on BoM website 34 AUSTRALIAN RAINFALL pluviometer net income Daily Read Network PRECIPITATION 35 AUSTRALIAN RAINFALL City Average Annual pelting (mm) Average Number of Rain days Darwin 1714 111 Sydney 1217 138 Brisbane 1149 122 Perth 786 114 Melbourne 653 147 Canberra 623 105 Hobart 569 135 Adelaide 530 121 Alice Springs 279 31 After Ladson, two hundred8 AUSTRALIA N CONDITIONSAustralian rainfall is influenced by general circulation patterns. Most of Australia is around 30o parallel of latitude which tend to be areas of descending air. Note that the solar equator moves during the year. 36 AUST. CLIMATE variance Known major causes Approximate time scale Effect Synoptic last patterns Day / week Weather southern Annular Mode Weeks +ve mannikin = winter rainfall deficiencies in southern Australia summer increases in MDB El Nino / La Nina ( secondern cycle per second Index) Inter-annual El nino = lower rainfalls La nina = high rainfalls Indian Ocean Dipole Inter-annual ve phase = increased rainfall +ve phase = reduced rainfall Inter-decadal Pacific Oscillation Inter-decadal discard flops between drier and mucky periods e. g. first half of 20th century wetter than 2nd half The Australian climate influences http//www. bom. gov. au/watl/about-weather-and-climate/australian-climate-influences. html 37 The Australian climate influences The Australian climate topography 38 Seasonal rainfall innovation crosswise the country Seasonal rainfall variation across the country Mean rainfall Katherine mm Mean rainfall Dubbo mm 240 220 two hundred one hundred eighty 160 140 cxx 100 80 60 40 0 0 240 220 200 180 160 140 cxx 100 80 60 40 20 0 J F M A M J J A S O N J D F Mean rainfall Alice Springs mm M A M J A S O N D Mean rainfall Sydney mm 240 220 200 180 160 140 one hundred twenty 100 80 60 40 20 0 J 240 220 200 180 160 140 cxx 100 80 60 40 20 0 J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O S O N N D Mean rainfall Perth mm Mean rainfall Strahan mm 240 220 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 J F M A M J J A S O N D 240 220 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Perth wind rose February J F M A M J J A D Rainfall variability a equation Annual rainfall Birdsville mm 600 400 200 2000 1980 1960Annual rainfall Bourke mm Annual rainfall Perth 1940 1920 1900 0 mm gravitational constant 1400 1200 800 1000 600 800 600 40 0 400 200 200 1980 1960 1940 1920 1900 1980 1960 1940 1920 1900 1880 1880 0 0 39 NSW annual rainfall time-series New South Wales Annual Rainfall 1000 900 modify Period 1900 1946 Average Rainfall 477. 7mm * dry out conditions commenced 1890 Standard Deviation 90. 4 Wet Period 1947 2000 Average Rainfall 573. 9mm 20. 1% increase Standard Deviation 127. 0 800 New Dry 2001/06 439. 5mm 23. 4% line Rainfall (mm) 700 600 500 400 ccc 200 100 0 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 category 40